When I handloaded for my Ithaca NID 10 ga. 3.5" which was full choke in both barrels that shot 95% at 40 yards in a 30" circle when shooting buffered 2 1/8 oz. large shot in the old BP pattern driver wad with 4 petals cut into the plastic wad. For close in birds, we cut away all but the gas seal and about .5" of wad above the seal and loaded 2.5 oz. of #3 with diy x inserts of shirt cardboard, the load opened up to 55% at 40 yards. Gil