Keith,
The colors on the barrels are Ferric Oxide that have been converted to Ferro Oxide and the darker colors maybe some logwood that they were initially boiled in.THAT IS NOT COLOR CASE HARDENING ON THE BARRELS , ONLY ON THE ACTION PARTS.
HOWEVER, DO NOT MESS WITH THE BARRELS other than taking some 0000 steel wool and oil and cleaning them. This will likely bring a lot of the colors back.